![]() MK received funding from Japan Society for Promotion of Science (grant number 22247003). All data are within the paper.įunding: RT received funding from Japan Society for Promotion of Science (grant number 10J05594). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. Received: ApAccepted: SeptemPublished: October 20, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Tsubaki, Kato. PLoS ONE 9(10):Įditor: Dmitri Boudko, Rosalind Franklin University, United States of America This symbiotic association should be called a “filtering mutualism”.Ĭitation: Tsubaki R, Kato M (2014) A Novel Filtering Mutualism between a Sponge Host and Its Endosymbiotic Bivalves. Therefore, this sponge-bivalve association can be regarded as a novel mutualism in which two filter-feeding symbionts promote mutual filtering rates. ![]() In addition, the volume of water circulating in the sponge body was dramatically increased by the water exhaled from bivalves. Observations of water currents and the sponge aquiferous structure revealed that the sponge had a unique canal system enabling it to inhale water exhaled from bivalves, indicating that the host sponge adapted morphologically to receive water from the bivalves. We tested this hypothesis by observing the sponge aquiferous structure and comparing the pumping rates of sponges and bivalves. Considering that the bivalves exhale filtered water into the sponge body rather than the ambient environment, the sponge is hypothesized to utilize water exhaled by the bivalves to circulate water around its body more efficiently. However, whether the host sponge gains any benefit from this association is unclear. massive sponge is obligately inhabited by the host-specific endosymbiotic bivalve Vulsella vulsella, which benefits from this symbiosis by receiving protection from predators. ![]() ![]() Sponges, porous filter-feeding organisms consisting of vast canal systems, provide unique substrates for diverse symbiotic organisms. ![]()
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